adhd the growing prevalence of term paper

Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder, Growing Up, Psychotropic Medications

Excerpt via Term Paper:

It is easier to focus on AD/HD statistics for youngsters of school grow older (5-17 years old), since diagnosing ADHD in kindergarten aged kids is difficult. Data in the NHIS indicate that:

In 2001-2004, 7. 7% of children ages 5-17 were reported to have recently been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Eight percent of White non-Hispanic children, 8% of Dark-colored non-Hispanic kids, 2% of Asian non-Hispanic children, and 4% of Hispanic kids were reported to have AD/HD.

Almost 13% of White colored non-Hispanic children living in households with incomes below low income level had been reported to have ADHD – the highest of any group.

Two to three moments more kids than girls are clinically determined to have ADHD (Pastor, p. 206).

Well-known specialist, Dr . Russell Barkley, provides detailed the differences that can take place in reporting, as a result of type of standards used in a report. Reported variations in the prevalence of ADHD might be due to differences in the ways examples are picked, the criteria can be used to define ADHD, and the age range and gender make up used during the sampling. For instance , lower costs of ADHD are reported when the complete DSM-IV conditions and parent or guardian reports are being used and larger rates the moment teacher-only information are used (Barkley, 2004)

Among the most reliable research was conducted in june 2006 by the U. S. Centre for Disease Control (CDC). This review looked at the quantity of children through their parents in the year 2003 to have or perhaps ever have already been diagnosed with AD/HD. The CDC found that:

The prevalence of AD/HD was about six. 8% country wide but diverse quite a bit around socio-economic teams and geographic location. The cheapest incidence of 5% was reported in Colorado and the highest, of 11% was reported in Alabama. A bunch of states, at 5. 34% acquired one of the cheapest reported situations. This same statement indicates that only about half of youngsters of age ranges 4-17 years who were identified as having ADHD in fact took medication for AD/HD. The highest prevalence for medicine treatment was for children aged 9 to 12 years (CDC, p. 842).

Interestingly enough the frequency of reported AD/HD symptoms increased with age, getting highest to get males aged 16 years and females aged 11 years and was lowest intended for preschool children. The highest costs were also known among English-speaking, non-Hispanic, and insured children. In addition , the rates had been most prevalent in households in which the most highly educated adult had a high school diploma and lower in those family members in which the most educated adult had approximately education compared to a high school diploma. Families with incomes under the poverty range were also very likely to report a child with AD/HD (CDC, s. 844).

Although not a primary trigger, “family environment adversity elements (eg. excessive degree of psychological stress, maternal mental disorder, paternal criminality, low socioeconomic status, promote care) have been linked to increased rates of ADHD” (Dopheide, p. 2)

Conclusion

AD/HD is a disorder that influences 3% to 5% of school age children and may continue into adulthood. Evaluation simply by an experienced specialist who uses objective ratings from multiple informants in various settings is important for a reliable diagnosis. When a diagnosis of AD/HD is verified, a treatment plan can be produced which thinks the existence of identical conditions. “Common comorbid conditions include oppositional-defiant disorder, major depression, anxiety disorders, learning impairment, and Tourette’s disorder. Arsenic intoxication comorbid circumstances can improve the likelihood of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER chronicity” (Plitzka, p. S50).

Several validated rating weighing scales exist which are designed for ideal diagnostic evaluation. A clinician with specialized expertise in child and adolescent neurodevelopment and behavior is able to generate a reliable diagnosis of ADHD. Since children are remarkably reactive to their environment:

It is very important to get multiple informants such as parents, teachers, brothers and sisters, children, and caregivers and rate symptoms in multiple settings. Children must display at least six out from the nine symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity, or perhaps both, which have been maladaptive and inconsistent together with his or her developmental level. The symptoms must within multiple adjustments over a period of 6 months and have an onset by age 7 before an analysis is verified (Goldman, s. 111)

The incidence of ADHD will be examined from your years 1997 through 3 years ago, with the aid of stats from dependable sources and organizations who also gather such numbers. It can be evident, through a study of the literature offered that correct rates may not be had, even though general boosts will be reported, as they had been between the years up to 97. Whether these numbers indicate a growth in the number of school-aged children with ADHD, or maybe a growth in the reporting of kids who are thought to have ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER may under no circumstances be completely known, yet most reliable options that will be utilized have common screening explanations, as noted above. In researching and studying the incidences which have been noted, although they may vary from place to place, it might be determined whether the average volume of school-aged kids with ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER has increased during the last decade.

Referrals

Attention Deficit Over activity Disorder. (2006). America’s Children and the environment (ACE). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May possibly 31, 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/emerging_issues/adhd.htm.

Barkley RA. (1998). Add hyperactivity disorder. Scientific American.; 279: 66-71.

Barkley, Russell (2004) Attention-Deficit. Hyperactivity Disorder: Nature, Course, Outcomes, and Comorbidity. American Psychological Association

Barkley, Russell (2006) Add Hyperactivity Disorder: A Guide for Medical diagnosis and Treatment, Third Edition. New York, Ny: Guilford Press

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Prevalence of Diagnosis and medicine Treatment intended for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. September 2, 2005; vol. 54, No . thirty four: pp. 842-847.

Dopheide, M. A. (2001). ADHD Portion 1: Current status, analysis, etiology/pathophysiology. American Pharmaceutical Connection 148th Annual Meeting/APhA. Recovered May thirty-one, 2007 for http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/418518.

Goldman L. T., Genel Meters., Bezman R.. J., ainsi que al. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of add hyperactivity disorder in children and teenagers. Council upon Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. 1998; 279: 1100-1107.

Hoagwood K, Kelleher KJ, Feil M, ain al. Treatment services for children with ADHD: a nationwide perspective. T Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2150; 39: 198-206.

Kessler REMOTE CONTROL, Chiu WT, Demler To, Walters EE. (Jun 2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun; 62(6): 617-27.

LeFever G. B., Dawson K. Sixth is v., Morrow a. L. (1999). The extent of medicine therapy intended for attention deficit over activity disorder between children in public schools. Am J. Public Health.; 89: 1359-1364.

National Source Center on AD/HD. http://www.help4adhd.org/en/about/statistics

NIH (National Acadamies of Health) Consensus Declaration on the Analysis and Take care of ADHD. (1998). NIH Consensus Statement. of sixteen: 1-37.

Prelado, P. N. And Reuben, C. A.. (2002). Attention-deficit disorder and learning disability: United States, 1997-98. National Middle for Wellness Statistics. Vital Health Figures 10 (206).

Pliszka SR. Comorbidity of attention deficit over activity