introduction to ambahan article

Ambahans inscribed on the bamboo slat

The ambahan is known as a literary product and graceful expression from the Southern Mangyans of Mindoro, Philippines. However are regarding seven several ethnic groupings living in Mindoro, collectively named the Mangyans, these teams are quite specific from one another as to vocabulary, customs, and way of living. The particular ethnic group living in the south of Mindoro, approximately comprising areas within the cities of Bulalacao (San Pedro), Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro and San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, claims the name Mangyan as the descriptive subject of their group.

To stress all their point, they might add the epiteth: “Hanunuo Mangyan, that is, a “truly, real, genuine Manygan. Together with their upper neighbors, the Buhids, they possess a pre-Spanish writing program, considered to be of Indic beginning, with characters expressing the open syllables of the language. Two unique syllabaries remain in useful use among the ethnic teams in Mindoro, viz. the northern Buhid on one hand and the southern Buhid with the Hanunuo-Mangyans on the other.

The existence of a writing system among these types of tribes undoubtedly accounts generally for the wealth of literary works prevalent most notable. One of the fictional products, the main one written down most frequently upon bamboo-tubes or perhaps slats, is a ambahan. Pertaining to better understanding and appreciation of the ambahans presented in this article, a short describe on the persona and utilization of the ambahan will be offered here. As being a definition, it could be stated that the ambahan is:

A. A rhythmic graceful expression which has a meter of seven syllable lines and having rhythmic end-syllables. M. It is most often presented as a chant without a determined audio pitch or accompaniment by musical devices. C. Their purpose is to express in an allegorical way, liberally employing poetic terminology, certain conditions or selected characteristics reported by the one reciting the poem. The meter of seven syllables in one line is the characteristic of the ambahan which the majority of obviously distinguishes it from the other kinds of Hanunuo-Mangyan poetry. Yet , there are exceptions to the guideline. For instance, a lot more than seven syllables may be bought at the beginning of the ambahan, especially when it starts with the standard phrase magkunkuno (speaks, says) for the reason that one who “speaks here may well have a lengthy name that contain more than the typical seven syllables. Actually, these kinds of first lines should not be regarded as part of the poem proper, but instead as an introduction to or perhaps an explanation of the circumstances which gave climb to the ambahan itself. Sometimes, there may be much more than seven syllables because the utilized word or perhaps words may not be shortened without other mix of words can be bought. On the other hand, a line may contain lower than seven syllables in order to maintain the meaning with the line on its own which might be disrupted if even more syllables had been added. Yet , the last different rarely takes place. In an effort to conform to the rule of having simply seven syllables in every single line, the composer attempts to fit his words within the pre-determined volume of syllables.

This kind of accounts for the countless elisions and contactions of words that will make the studying of the ambahan in the Hanunuo-Mangyan script so hard and aggravating to the übersetzungsprogramm. Thus nirwasan comes from niruwasan; nilkasan from nilukasan; the mono-syllables gin from ginan; u from una. More over, the words might be extended, my spouse and i. e. syllables may be added in order to have the necessary seven syllables. In most cases, the normal procedure requires the use of affixes and adjonction, both of which can be extensively utilized in the Philippine languages. The most common one in the Hanunuo-Mangyan terminology is the endsilbe -an. Manok becomes manukan, balunos turns into balunusan, without a change in that means. Within the phrase, “extensions may also be found which can be old infixes, no longer common. So dayap becomes dalayap, layaw turns into lugayaw. One other way of lengthening a word through repeating the term itself, not really to make it superlative in meaning (e. g. in Tagalog: laking-laki), but rather to complete the seven syllable requirement. Whilst it is not my purpose to be technological on this point, as a linguist’s analysis of morphological phenomena would be, this illustrations demonstrate that the prescribed scheme of seven syllables in ambahan verse offers ample chance for lexical calisthenics, an exercise which may fascinate many students.

The rhyming end-syllables are an necessary feature in the ambahan. The most common rhyming syllable is -an, being a regular suffix for verbs and substantives in the Hanunuo-Mangyan terminology. But various other combinations with all the vowel a are alternatively common also, such as in line having the end-syllables: a, ak, ag, ang, as, aw, ay. Right here the vowel a is combined with almost all the consonants in the Filipino alphabet. In the same way, the vowels I (or e) and o (or u) are available as the rhyming syllables, either exclusively or together, e. g.: I, id, ing, ip, it, and o, od, ok, about, ong, operating system, ot, oy. The rhyming in the ambahan is consequent, i. e. once started with -an, all lines will end in -an. This kind of appears to be contrary to the rhyming scheme of your Tagalog composition, where by the end of a collection a vowel rhyme might include any consonant in combination with this vowel. The ambahan is usually stricter in this respect, though it is interesting to make note of that here and there consonants, in the event belonging to the same phonetic category, may be included as the rhyming consonant in combination with the rhyming vowel. Hence, the term inwag rhymes with ma-ayad because the two g and d are part of the phonetic class of voiced ceases. The word humbak rhymes with dagat since both k and big t belong to the phonetic class of voiceless stops.

The term sundong, lumon and tayutom are the end-syllables of one ambahan because ng, n, and m belong to the phonetic class of voiced sonorants. Of course , it is far from because the Hanunuo-Mangyan knows anything about phonetics that these instances occur, but it can be described as fact that the interchanges of the consonants are not considered violations of the unsaid rules in the ambahan, given that the vowel remains a similar. The ambahan is a chanted verse, but it really is improved plainly or perhaps almost recited. The manifestation of the ambahan with audio pitch may well differ from person to person. Some might intone what like in prevalent conversation; others might make use of it a monotone recitation; or perhaps still other folks might sing it using a distinct melody. But generally, it is usually said that for the ambahan is definitely “sung,  there is simply a slight music pitch visible, except maybe towards the end, when the last syllables happen to be drawn out a little to indicate that the chant is all about to end. Furthermore, it is definitely worth noting the ambahan, is “sung with no accompaniment of musical instruments, as differentiated from a different type of Mangyan passage, the urukay, which is preferably chanted towards the accompaniment of the homemade electric guitar. One who provides a knowledge of the language of the Hanunuo-Mangyans as it is found in their daily conversation, can understand almost no of the dialect that is used in the ambahan. The chinese language used in the ambahan may differ from the used language, although many a word used broadly in the daily Hanunuo-Mangyan terminology is also utilized in the ambahan-vocabulary. It is quite conceivable to make a long list of phrases (eventually a total

dictionary) that are used only in the ambahan verse, however for the purpose of this book, only a few terms need to be pointed out. Conversational language| Ambahan language| English|

amang| bansay| father|

inang| suyong| mother|

danom| kagnan| water|

balay| labag| house|

niyog| bu-anay| coconut|

bagaw| duyan| talk|

mata| pamidkan| eye|

That the words from the ambahan terminology are found not only in the ambahan of the Hanunuo-Mangyans but as well in the fictional products with the neighboring Mangyan tribes, appears to be a significant coincidence worth checking out, especially if it can be remembered why these other people use a conversational language totally different from the Hanunuo-Mangyan language. A few questions that will confront the investigator will be the following: Where do these kinds of ambahan words and phrases come from? Is there other dialects in the Israel from which they may have been derived? Or can we have to switch our focus on other countries like Indonesia or India to obtain an explanation? Listed here is a potential discipline of exploration that should provide a linguist enough material to work on. In some of the ambahans here provided, it will be pointed out that the topic is about a bird, a flower, a tree, or perhaps an bug. Other ambahans, though not nature poems in the strict sense in the term, manage the sun, the moon, the stars, the rain and the blowing wind. When a Mangyan poet creates of a blossom, he writes of itnot for the purpose of honoring its natural beauty or scent but to help to make it a great allegory or maybe a symbol of human lifestyle, it’s challenges, and its issues. Sometimes the symbolism of a bird or flower may be clear enough, as every time a boy talks to his girl about “a beautiful floral that he would like to bring home.  Very often, however , a single symbol may possibly refer to diverse conditions or circumstances and, thus, becomes a multiple sign. An examination of ambahan number 114 can help clarify this time. What does the composition mean? 1st, it means merely what it says: “Be mindful, or you will be stung by a bee. Consider precautions when you get honey.  This would be the literal presentation of the composition. The added that means of allegorical

meaning would depend, of course , on the celebration and circumstances, such as climbing a mountain, going to sea, going to town, engaging in a contest with another person, or perhaps going to the parents to ask for the hand of their daughter. The complex pair of meanings thus woven in to an ambahan are slowly but surely unravelled simply after the poem had been analyzed with very much care and patience. A related examine which is worth mentioning at this point would be a study into the emotional motivation for the Mangyan’s frequent make use of plants, family pets, and mother nature symbols and their predilection pertaining to allegorical beautifully constructed wording. [Postma, Antoon SVD. Treasure of any Minority. Manila: Arnoldus Press, Inc., 81. ]

The origin with the ambahan

A Hanunuo-Mangyan girl chanting an ambahan in a community ambahan session [Source: Antoon Postma] If you inquire a Hanunuo-Mangyan, “Where would you have this ambahan?,  he will most likely answer, “I copied it from someone else.  That is quite probable, for the ambahan have been popularized by being copied in any bit of bamboo, like the container intended for tobacco or perhaps apog (lime), the scabbard or sheath of a bolo, a violin or acoustic guitar, and even within the bamboo beams of a home. When a Mangyan discovers a good ambahan, this individual uses his knife to engrave it on bamboo sheets, in the age-old Indic-derived screenplay. Thus, this individual has “copied it. In answer to precisely the same question, an additional Mangyan might reply, “We obtained this from our forefathers.  The majority of the ambahans they will possess have been handed down from father and mother to kids through continuos copying. Yet there is no doubt that new ambahans are still being written today by the poets or composers, although it is difficult to find out whom these poets are. A Mangyan would never admit that he is composing ambahans. To look for the approximate time in which an ambahan was written, two criteria could possibly be suggested: the niche and the sort of words employed. The 1st criterion cannot be applied devoid of reservation, to get the subject of the ambahan may also be very standard and true of any kind of period. But since we find guide in the ambahan to Moro attacks as well as to Mangyans continue to living over the sea-shore, our company is on surer ground, intended for the problems of the Moros are seen to have occurred by a certain period, and the Mangyans lived along the shores ahead of the non-Mangyans chosen the island. However

when an ambahan poet writes of going to America, the composition is certain to acquire been created in modern times. The 2nd criterion, the kind of words used, is more trusted and, in the event that used by professionals, would be a even more certain signal of the age of the ambahan. By using this requirements, ambahans can be categorized in to three classes. The first type is the ambahan that just uses the poetic terminology with a the least contemporary words. Sometimes prevalent Hanunuo-Mangyan words and phrases are used, nevertheless this type of ambahan restricts by itself mainly towards the use of literary words, my spouse and i. e. words not utilized in daily discussion. According to the Mangyans themselves, this is actually the oldest sort of ambahan. The next type of ambahan is that through which words obtained from nearby tribes, especially the Buhid tribe, are used. Frequent contact with this tribe has made the Hanunuo-Mangyans accept these types of borrowed words and phrases and expression which found their way into their ambahans. Lastly, you will find the ambahan of later times, in which loan-words from The spanish language, Tagalog or Bisaya happen to be evident. The painstaking research by linguists of the phrases used in the ambahan may well supply the final answer to problem of the time by which an ambahan was drafted. [Postma, Antoon. Mangyan Treasures. Manila: Arnoldus Press, Inc., 95. ]

The ambahan and its uses

Hanunuo-Mangyan poems in the Mangyan syllabic screenplay inscribed upon betel nut containers manufactured from bamboo The ambahans are very common among the Hanunuo-Mangyans. About thirty percent in the Hanunuo-Mangyans will not read or write the pre-Spanish Hanunuo-Mangyan software, but it would be rare certainly for a Mangyan not to know the dimensions of the art from the ambahan. Of course , a Mangyan will quickly deny any familiarity with the ambahan, but this is a polite way of refusing to demostrate such understanding. People who have tried to collect ambahans will be the initial to admit the difficulty of producing the Mangyans recite the ambahans away from the proper occasion for executing it. Aside from the Hanunuo-Mangyans, the nearby Mangyan people also find out about the ambahan. Though the genuine extent that the ambahan is known simply by these other tribes has not been completely investigated, it really is certain that this type of poetry is likewise common among the Buhid-Mangyans. The language of the Buhid is completely unlike that of the Hanunuo-Mangyans, nevertheless one may even now

partly understand the fictional products of the other. The ambahan can also be found among the list of tribes living deep inside the mountains of Mindoro. These types of natives drop the lowlands very rarely, and one of these occassions I was lucky enough to acquire a lot of copies of their ambahans. The Hanunuo-Mangyans do not understand much of it, except when exclusive ambahan words are being used. However , ahead of anything more authoritative can be said with this matter, one particular must check out the field further. The verse from the Iraya-Mangyans (in the north of Mindoro) is also very similar to the ambahan-type, i. electronic. they also have the characteristic heptasyllabic meter and rhyming end-syllables. Ambahans will be known and recited by simply Hanunuo-Mangyans, equally old and young. Of course , different ambahans will be appropriate for different age groups. The children definitely have their very own kind of ambahans, something which may be considered as roughly the same as our setting rhymes. Nevertheless , even during these rhymes each of the elements of the ambahan are present; the main distinction lies in the simplicity from the language utilized. The ambahans for children, however , are short, most of them containing not more than six lines. Boys (kan-akan) and a girl (daraga) would be acquainted with the ambahans fit on their behalf, but after they are committed, they would entertain themselves while using ones which have been appropriate for their particular new condition of your life. Like every poetry, the ambahan is definitely an expression of the idea or perhaps feeling in a beautiful and harmonious vocabulary. Unlike other forms of poetry, however , the ambahan is usually not poems for its very own sake or perhaps for the poet’s pleasure. The ambahan is primarily a poem of social character; it finds its true lifestyle in culture. It is created by the Mangyans to provide practical reasons within the community. It is utilized by the parents in educating their children, by the younger generation in dating each other, with a visitor in asking for food and by a family member bidding goodbye or goodbye. Of course , it could be a mistake to consider that the Mangyans converse with one another only by ambahan. If a guy comes from his field, he would not how to use ambahan to tell his wife that he could be hungry; he may express the impression of his stomach in plain and clear terminology. But generally speaking, the ambahan is used about those events when some thing embarrassing, annoying, delicate or maybe precious (as love) should be said. For example, a boy might tell a lady in simple language that he will never forget her, but it really would appear so much nicer if he were to do so in an ambahan. The interpersonal nature of

the ambahan offers given rise to a sort of verbal competition. Whenever Mangyans are collectively, a few of them (often the elderly generation) can eagerly take on each other inside the ability to recite the ambahan called for by the place and the occasion. Amongst these events are celebrations held in connection with reburial. 1 Mangyan may well challenge one more with an ambahan, by way of example. This starts the contest. The people accumulate around the two contestants (without agreement, devoid of rules, without bets), listening intently for the ambahans recited alternately by the two competitors. Each ambahan recited can be an answer to the challenge or theme propounded inside the ambahan preceeding it. Both equally contestants are lustily cheered and prompted by their supporters. In most cases, the one who recites last is declared the winner. The contest may well go deep into the nighttime. Whether much more the different wins is definitely unimportant; what matters most is the entertainment derived from the contest. A few final feedback about the translation in the ambahan may possibly still be interesting. A specialist who happens to be in the mountain range of Mansalay and becomes acquainted with the ambahan can become enthusiastic about this and may even wish to translate some of them into his own language. When he can translate the ambahan, he must research the historical Indic program. After having mastered it well, he will find out to his dismay, that he still simply cannot read every thing written on the bamboo. This is due to the fact that the script alone does not demonstrate final consonant of each syllable. When he features overcome the disappointment, he will probably probably try to get an ambahan written down in very clear, readable albhabets. Tape-recording the ambahan could take away the preliminary difficulties of copying by script. Yet , even in that case he will not really understand all the implications of the ambahan unless of course the Mangyan can make clear it. In translating an ambahan, we find a special problems arising from the symbolic meaning of the terms used. The Mangyan may possibly supply the used allegorical which means but he might not understand the literal symbolism of selected words. The meanings of the words is often discovered as a result of frequent use of repetition of ideas. At times complete lines may be reps of the same idea in associated words. Ahead of the ambahan can be completely understood, it is very important to collect as much samples of the ambahan as it can be. This is the key work being done at present through this field. An in depth comparison of specimens, sifting and classifying phrases, and cautious experiments in translating what into

another circumstance have to be done by experts from this field of research. Just then will the ambahan emerge in the bloatedness of the beauty and signification. The modern day anthology of ambahans is selected coming from a collection that started in 1958. In planning this variety, it was no easy process to decide on the easiest way of collection or organizing these ambahans. It was finally decided to notice a dual system in classifying these types of Mangyan poems. The initial system is to adopt the obvious and literal that means as stated by the composition. The second is the allegorical or applied which means that can be learned from the ambahan. With this kind of dual system in mind, the ambahans from this collection had been arranged relating tot he life-cycle of the Hanunuo-Mangyans. Therefore, this number of ambahans depends on the support and ends with the burial plot. It is presumed that this agreement is the most satisfactory. [Postma, Antoon SVD. Treasure of the Minority. Manila: Arnoldus Press, Inc., 1981. ]

Ambahan: Beginning and childhood

Considering that the aim of this collection of ambahans is to present a cross-section of the Mangyan poetic passage with respect to the life-cycle of the Mangyans, the initial ambahans, to be chronological, will need to pertain towards the first chapters of human being life. The next series of prevalent cradle tracks in ambahan style could possibly be a fine illustration of how the songs can be different in rhyme and metaphor while the underlying theme may be the same. Ambahan 3|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| My special baby, do not cry

’cause the wild kitten might hear us!

The big a single from over there

with his terrible long-stretched howl!

Reliant are we all if this individual comes.

Our spear is damaged still

and our bolo curved and blunt! | Huwag ka ngang umiyak

Hala ka at mapukaw

Pusang-ligaw sa gubat

Ngumiyaw, maghihiyaw

Wala kitang pambugaw

Sibat nati’y nawasak

Gulok nati’y nabingaw! |

Ambahan 4|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Don’t be loud, baby dear!

The wild iro might visit this page.

One out of the profound woods.

How to fight him when he comes?

Cracked is each of our spear in two

and our bolo vanished! | H’wag ka ngang magulo

May laog nanunubok

Mula gubat susugod

Wala kitang panghamok

Sibat nati’y napulpol

Itak ay anong purol! |

Ambahan 5|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| You, my baby, don’t help to make noise!

Some strange animal may well come

coming from across the streams.

Knocking on the house, he will

along with his glittering sharpened claws

No weaponry for us to kill;

our bodoque we are unable to use

rusty can be our spear and straight-forward. | Anak, ‘wag kang ngumalngal

Hala ka, may bakulaw!

Social fear dahilig do’n buhat

Tutuktok social fear suliras

Kay tulis ng galamay

Wala kitang pamatay

New tong/tanga itak walang saysay

Kinalawang ‘yang sibat! |

Ambahan: The child years

Nice are the remembrances of our childhood. For the Mangyan child, it is a time of unconcern and carefreeness, even if the child has to take his share from the family obligations to the measure of his capabilities. It is with feelings of sentimentality and homesickness that a young man recalls the content years of his youth that passed away too quickly. It is also with pride that he recalls the love and kindness shown to him by his parents. Ambahan 6 (4)|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| That time, when I was still fresh

(I was just a baby still)

once i sat in mother’s panel

the moment she connected me within a crib

in a holder newly made.

Mommy lulling myself asleep

did not keep me in a crib

in her arms she cradled me.

Wow, how nice these memories!

wish I could climb once again

in the holder lovely made!

Thus i could be showing

the way i grew so beautifully!

You, the people from the shore

persons from the mountain range too

could you just come here in this way!

Go to me only once again

the unfolding, blooming tree!

Items recall this all my existence. | Noong ako’y muraan

Sanggol na sanggol pa lang

Karga pa sa kandungan

Inuugoy social fear duyan

Sa kagagawang duyan

Hinehele ni Nanay

Hindi n’ya iniiwan

Sapo n’ya sa kandungan

O kay gandang nagdaan!

Muli sanang mahimlay

Sa banayad na duyan

Nang tunay kong mamasdan

Paglaki kong kariktan

Kayong taga-baybayan

Maging taga-burulan

Kung maaring puntahan

Pasyalan in pagmasdan

Punong namumukadkad

Alaala kailanman! |

Yet there is also the obedient child who has his important job in the whole of the family work: watching the products in the field will not be ruined by the wild animals. Ambahan 13|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| The reason why I actually am here

strolling along hills and vales

mainly because Mother has told me

and my Father he simply said:

“Better proceed and have a peek

on the field we certainly have prepared.

Monkeys might be eating generally there

plus the pigs doing damage to plants. 

And so i went and had a look

at the field we have well prepared.

But no monkeys eating right now there

and no pigs destroying plants.

However , what I did observe

was a bird, still rather small , and

sitting down on the discipline we have

at the borders of the field.

Might be one day it’s going to be there

when the grain is ready and good. | Sanhi po ng paglakad

sa kabundukan

Ang bilin po ni Inang

Kay Ama’y kawikaan:

“Pumar’on iho’t tingnan

Kaingin nating hawan

Daim matsi’y lamunan

Baboy ay mag-arumbang

Akin nang pinuntahan

Kaingin nating hawan

Matsin ay wala naman

Ni baboy na ligaw man

Anu’t aking namasdan

Merong ibong ‘liitan

Sa kainging hinawan

Sa gilid na taniman

Baka bukas nandiyan

Pagdatal ng anihan! |

Children, yet , are the same everywhere. Romping about with their playmates, they make a deafening sound, often to the despair with their parents. Ambahan 15|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Sure, the kids they may be not bad

but , say, who would stay away from mad!

When coming from morning until night

all this noises, right at your side

and those battles on top of that! | Kahit bata’y mabait

Sinong pada maiinis

Buong araw at gabi

Iritan d’ya’t kagalit

Awayan d’yan sa inggit! |

Ambahan: Teenage life

The transition through the dependent kid into the self-sufficient young man or perhaps woman can be not designated by avertissement ceremonies or induction rituals. In some issues, children are given independence while very young. In other points, they still act dependently. Ambahan 27|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Mother carried myself around.

Father often at my part.

I actually, the baby, was still being small:

just a little kid I was.

Going to the discipline to job

Daddy led me by the hand.

Actually speaking straightforward words

as a babe I did not understand.

But now everything has evolved.

The tiny baby has grown up.

Today the baby knows

all of the words that Father speaks

Everything that mother says.

Even though I’m walking far

when I travel and leisure far away

and it becomes dangerous

I’ll come back immediately. | Kinakalong ni Nanay

Kinakandong ni Tatay

Sadya pang kamusmusan

Tunay akong paslit lang

Hangang sa kaingin man

‘Sinasama ni Tatay

Kahit pa utal-utal

Sanggol mhh walang muwang

Ngunit nang magka-minsan

Lumaki’t magkagulang

Akin namang nalaman

Kay Tatay, kawikaan

Kay Naranjas, kasabihan

Malayo mang lakaran

Saan man ang abutan

Kung kasam-an ang datnan

Sila lang ang uwian! |

Then the day comes the moment adolescence ends. The parents know now that there may be

little hope the young people is going to do things the way the parents wish them to do. The young man goes his way, and nobody can direct him any longer. Ambahan 30|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| According to the lobster in the creek:

Even if you create a dam

I will jump it high and neat! | Sabi ng hipong sapa:

Kahit mo man bakuran

May well lusot, paraan pa! |

The character of the boy or girl is fixed now. Even if there are traits the parents do not like, these types of traits is unable to be improved. Wherever he is, the fresh adult can behave in the accustomed method and will certainly not change his attitudes as a result of others. Ambahan 31|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Pigeon, which has a shortened end

also there through the hills

you won’t certainly be a nightingale! | Hoy, ibong Balud-balod

Libanin mo ma’y bundok

Pungos pa rin ‘yang buntot! |

Ambahan: Courtship

Many pages of sweet-flowing romances have been completely written about courtship, but the Mangyans create their own by using the examples of the future and flowering plants and trees around them. Ambahan 38|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| The bamboo in Marigit

That I found at first approach

Was just sprouting and still small.

When i was introduced to it yesterday

It was standing organization and heavy

Ready now to make a floor. | Kawayan social fear Marigit

Pag tanaw ko, palapit

Labong pa siyang kay liit

Nang daanan ko pabalik

Siksikan mga tinik

Mainam nang pang-sahig! |

Ambahan 39|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| The hand bordering my field

Back when it absolutely was very small

My focus did not call up.

But now that it’s fully-grown

and has shed its dried-up leaves

I will pick it and so fresh

and interweave me a holder fair.

That I would bring everywhere. | Buli social fear may kaingin

Noong s’ya pa’y musmusin

Hindi ko pinapansin

Nang gumulang, pagsapit

Tanggi ko ang lumain

Sariwa kong kukunin

Bayong kong lalalain

Lagi kong sasakbitin! |

A boy offers his method of convincing a female of his good intentions and romantic love. He’s willing to sacrifice anything to get his dearest. Ambahan 68|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| My lover, my love therefore dear

when I still left, in arriving here

coming from the house and garden;

every one of the rice which i have kept

I’ve left it there at the rear of

mainly because I hope here to find

one more respected than my own rice!

One to always be my spouse nice

to the normal water, to the discipline

a companion in the trips

and one that will discuss my sleeping! | O liyag, aking hirang

Kanina nang lumisan

Galing social fear ‘king dingdingan

Palay na inanihan

Similar lang iniwanan

Hinangad kong katuwang

Dalam basta palay lamang

Sa lakad sa ilog man

Maging social fear kaparangan

Kaakbay ko saan man

Kaabay sa higaan! |

Ambahan: Home

To give an example of all the several aspects of your home life within a Mangyan negotiation would be difficult. However , an attempt to attract a general format will be taken on here. Two great themes can be considered worth addressing in the cycle of a Mangyan: 1) His struggle for lifetime in and around his house, to keep hunger and sickness aside; and, 2) His unbelievable ability to unwind, be cheerful and unconcerned, often by escaping from his immediate area. What does a Mangyan house look like? His house can be not as important being a house should be to his countrymen of modern tradition. A Mangyan will be the initial to acknowledge that his house is of poor building and just a brief dwelling. Ambahan 102|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| This the forest Mangyan said:

“What I have to tell you, friend

As a former thinking of for long:

Your lifestyle is not bad

In the lowlands where you reside.

Presently there the houses that you have got

Are made with beams of the best

Like your floor surfaces all made of wood.

But we all to the mountain range born

Who have were living here for too long

Our houses are not like that.

Our flooring is of bamboo sheets built

Our roof structure made of cogon grass

All of it is tied with vines.

But to that we have to put.

Remember that we can live

Very near the drinking water source

Where the chickens all arrive to drink.

A cool, shady place to always be. | Sabi ng isang Mangyan:

Ang wika ko’y pakinggan

Ito ngang kaisipan”

Mabuti ang ‘yong lagay

Ikaw, taga-kapatagan

Kaya taga-baybayan

Tabla ay ilang-ilang

Nagsahig nang mainam

Kaming taga-burulan

Kaya nasa burulan

aming kabihasnan

Sahig ay patpatan

Kugon lang ang bubungan

Might taling baling-uway

Datapwa’t ‘to’y pakinggan

H’wag naman kalimutan

Ibon sa may well igiban

Bukal itong inuman

Na kay lilim kung tingnan! |

In fact, life is hard and a Mangyan must spend almost all of his time eking out a subsistence for himself, so the property itself is of little importance. Ambahan 103|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Your condition is very good

and your residence is fabulous.

The walls made of banban leaves

still enforced with bamboo bedding poles.

But we, living out-of-doors

we all, the mountains dwellers up

if we would not have to search

for a few food to remain alive

we could become so wise

we could also find these ways!

Nevertheless the only point we find

is a sago palm for food! | Dampa mo’y kainaman

Bahay n’yo pong gandahan

Might dingding mhh banban

Patukurang kawayan

Kaming nasa bakuran

Kaming taga-burulan

Di dapat paghanapan

Di meraih panghinaan

Wala pong karupukan

Di meraih manghinayang

Dahil masisilayan

Yaong buling gandahan! |

Even if the construction is nice and strong, the day will come the house will be torn aside by the tearing blasts of wind. Ambahan 105|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Climbing vine with all the long leaves

leaves symmetrical and fine

how very nice looks the stem!

But , i have heard it said, you’ll be blown down

by the tempest from the shoreline! | Hoy, uway na lambaan

Malamba ang dahon gentleman

Ang puno’y kainaman”

Kung nasa daraanan

Bagyo’y galing ‘patagan! |

Ambahan: Problems

Nevertheless at home, a lot more not always as pleasant because the Manygans would like it to get. There are dark days when the future doesn’t look extremely bright. These types of dark days have to be overcome. Ambahan 113|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Balkawi, my climbing grape vine

You’re not happy in that spot

Your fine leaves will be ripping right now there

Along with your poor originate creaks and cries.

I have to relocate you right now

Within a place you choose to thrive

Free from rain and gusty winds. | Hoy, punong Balkawihan

Pangit ang tinubuan

Dahon mo’y nangalagas

Puno mo’y langitngitan

Muling itanim na lang

Sa payapang hanginan

Sa walang daluyungan! |

There are the domestic misconceptions that might happen; the simple incidents that might happen. Ambahan 115|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Sticks from the balanti woods

If you cut all of them properly

From the interesting depth they will resound.

But since cut wrongly

Whatever you get is definitely awful noises. | Kalutang kong Balanti

Kung timbang iyang yari

Taginting ay mabini

Kung tabtab mali-mali

Sintunadong matindi! |

There is no reason, however , to get as raise red flags to about a domestic misunderstanding or a simple incident as with regards to a great disaster. Ambahan 117|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| What is the matter with you

that you are a whole lot upset?

Like the heavens coming down

as if the full sky collapsed!

Even rain will stop some day

but rainfall doesn’t own a house!

A storm will not likely last all time

but tornado has no place like you!

Are you not really a human? Guy?

Doesn’t man usually go back

to his dwelling place, his residence? | Bakit ka nagkaganyan?

Ang ulo mo’y kay init

Bagsak ang kalangitan

Parang bayang guhuan

Pagtila nitong ulan

Ula’y walang tahanan

Hihinto ang ampiyasan

Hangi’y walang uwian

Di ba’t tao ka naman

Di ba’t might babalikan

Sa kawayang daluyan! |

Ambahan: Sickness

Sickness is inevitable in human being life. A person who is ill can easily be acknowledged. Sometimes, whatever is done, almost all treatment seems to be in vain. But there is always a treatment that is forgotten. Ambahan 131|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| This my personal problem, my personal headache

I had referred to as the doctors all

had it treated usually

nevertheless my pain didn’t go.

Just like the storm certainly not calming down

just like the rain that does not stop

it was actually getting worse:

me almost breaking up.

But the final medicine

why would I not really think of that?

We must love one another more.

Then the trouble will be absent

transported along by the wind

covered by the forest forest

and we will be unfortunate no more. | Itong ulong makirot

Dinalit na’t ginamot

Niritwal mhh sa bulong

Ayaw pong huminahon

Parang bagyong inikot

Laging unang lagunot

Lalo itong tumibok

Social fear bunbunan paloob

Datapwa’t iyang gamot

Ikaw, sa “prince pagsukot

Ay karamay kong irog!

Huhupa na ang kirot

Sa hangin ipasaklot

Sa gubat ipataklob

Lalaho em ang lungkot! |

A serious condition might develop. The usual therapies are of little support. Ambahan 132|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Says Yumay, when sense ill:

Daog, My spouse and i am contacting you.

I am coming right

to visit your house, Daog.

I would really prefer to ask a person

should you could apply your humor

include me cared for with your charm bracelets.

The reason for all this:

my own problem, my headache was

cared for seven times in vain

even now the sickness doesn’t go!

I am concerned and I think

that this sickness will end result

finally into my own death. | Panawagan national insurance Yumay

Si Daog tawag tawag

Pakay niya sa lakad

Si Daog sa may dampa

Ako nawa’y tulungan

Sa bulong mong malakas

Sa mabisa mong dasal

Kaya nga nagkaganyan

Masakit ang uluhan

Pito mang patas-unan

Kirot pa’y palagian

Huwag natural, h’wag naman

Sakit waring hantungan

Tiyak na kamatayan! |

Why don’t the treatments function? Maybe every one of the requirements of offerings to the spirits were not properly fulfilled. Ambahan 133|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Says the soul of the early spring:

What has been the offering?

Softly prepared rice, there was clearly none

Not a chicken, even one particular!

Only some fruits from a tree!

What else could the answer be

but down pours and a hurricane

hitting house and lawn again.

What are you going to do?

Incantation may help you

or a seer and his humor!

Probably he can fix your case

preventing further disgrace.

Says the one accountable:

You, dear nature of the very well

You should, do conceal your angriness!

Really my fault, I do concede.

Items bring the best from my flooring

you will complain forget about. | Wika ng lamang-lupa

Apo Ilog nagbanta:

Handog na kani’y wala

Ni manok na ‘hinanda

Bungang-kahoy lamang purse

Ambo’y umampiyas nga

Hangin ay hagunot na

Sa kabila ng dampa

Anong ibibigay pennsylvania

Bibigkas ng dasal ba?

Uusal ng dalit st?lla till med ett

Ganyang magmatigas ka

Hanggang katapusan pennsylvania!

Sumagot ang sinama:

Kayo, Poon ng sapa

H’wag kapootan nawa

Alay namin, dulog na

Sa sahig nagmumula

Sa sumpa po’y iadya! |

Ambahan: Food and job

Obtaining food keeps the Mangyans busy for most of the yr: selecting and preparing the field; seeding the thoroughly kept seed; weeding and cleaning the plants; collection the most valuable food, cotton-white mountain grain. Unfortunately, a great harvest depends upon an exact sum of sun, wind and rain. Frequently though, a substantial drought, an awful typhoon or prolonged monsoon rains effect the opposite consequence, hardship and scarcity of food. Therefore, it is, no wonder the Mangyans bother about their plants a great deal. Rice is a food the Mangyans enjoy. After they have farmed their grain, it seems that there will never arrive an end with their supplies. However before they realize that, gone is their desire and happiness. Ambahan 136|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| This kind of rice, Kabasag

When i was introduced to for the first time

The sections were heavy with grain.

Once i returned and looked once again

Clear and smooth were the heads! | Ang palay kong Kabasag

Nang minsan kong namatyag

Uhay ay sangkatutak

Nang balikan ko’t tingnan

Uhay ay mangahungkag! |

Ambahan 137|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| The limited black fowl Sawi

So hereabouts its was told

Had a butt long and pretty.

But the bird when it grew big

Tail, sadly, shorter it grew

Struck by simply lightning since storm blew. | Ibong si Sawi-sawi

Noonday noontide, meridian pa man ang huni

Buntot, mahabang dili

Subalit nang lumaki

Buntot ko ay umiksi

Kinidlat, binuhawi! |

Whether one likes it or not really, it is necessary to knuckle down in order to keep his stomach filled. He must work hard even if he has the help of the spirits. Ambahan 139|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Our good and precious garden soil:

Would it not be as beautiful

if we did not work and toil?

Very soon it will be waste. | Ating lupang payapa

Paano pa gaganda

Kung pada tayo gumawa

Dagli ‘yang mawawala! |

Ambahan: Traveling

As a respite from his struggle for life, the Mangyan occasionally goes traveling. The moment can come when the Mangyan cannot be held tied any more to his house plus the daily duties. He has to go, whether it is opportune or not. The woman, however , can be not as fortuitous as the person; she is linked with her residence

in particular when her youngsters are still tiny. In spite of that, she would love to go out occasionally. The parents must be, therefore , understanding and sensible. Ambahan 164|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| This kind of journey that we must do

Tell me you should what’s incorrect with this

And please explain how, indeed

Father and mother dearest!

But then if there’s nothing incorrect

In that case why scold me to get so long? | Iring aking pagpasyal

Kung mali po ang asal

Ako ay kagalitan

O Tatay ko, Um Inay

Ngunit kung kawastuhan

H’wag sanang magtungayaw? |

The subsequent ambahan can be described as special little advice to those with the distressing ringworm skin disease. Ambahan 166|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Little bird, Balinayaw

When the sunshine is fading fast

Better not to walk exterior

To your colors will certainly stand out

On the leafless Limpayaw! | Ay naku ibong Balaw

Kung pusyaw mhh ang araw

Huwag ka ngang galawgaw

Kulay mo ay lilitaw

Sa panot bist du Limpayaw! |

Just as the speed of the people who travelling differs, and so the character also differs. Ambahan 178|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Have my fowl, the bidlawan

whizzing loud and flying far

continue to he will often come back

to the home wherein all of us dwell.

But the bird alipasang

whistling loud and flying far

he will certainly not come back once again

towards the house wherein we think. | Ibong kong dans le cas où Bidlawan

Sakaling ngang liparan

Babalik pa rin iyan

Sa ‘ming dampang pugaran

Ang ibong layang-layang

Kung puma-ilanglang

Wala na pong balikan

Sa pugad na tahanan! |

Ambahan: Hospitality and friendship

When a traveler arrives at a house he wont be afraid that he may certainly not be meet. Hospitality is considered the highest of virtues among the list of Mangyans. Ambahan 181|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| My dear good friend, be pleasant here!

Where, perchance, did you come from?

From the seaside ebbing low

from your bubbling normal water spring?

If from your water supply up

let us speak a moment right here

within a happy, friendly way.

Even whoever you will be

all of us like to become at your side. | Katoto kong matalik

Saan ka ba nanggaling

Sa baybayin hammer gilid

Nasunson purse ng batis

Kung sa bukal ng tubig

Halina at magniig

Sa kwentuhan mong ibig

Di-kilala ma’t batid

Makapiling ka’y lirip! |

Sitting down together for the balcony in the soft moonlight, the Mangyan feel

inspired. Camaraderie is great! Ambahan 198|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Look! The moon so total and shiny

perfect in front of the home!

How can you explain to me personally

the rays will be soft and cool?

If a man just like us he were

I would maintain him by hand!

Seize the hair to keep him back!

Grasp the garments to make him stay!

But how could I control that!

It is the celestial body overhead in the sky!

The full celestial satellite shining therefore bright

going down beyond the hills

evaporating from the plain

well hidden behind the rocks. | Kay liwanag ng buwan

Sa balkunahe’y sinag

Paano naging ganyak

Luningning ay busilak

Kung tao s’yang katulad

Pipigilan kong tiyak

Sa buhok, siya’y hawak

Siguro sa hierdurch man

Pa’no mapipigilan

May well buwang nakasinag

Bituing kumikislap

May bundok kinublihan

May hinamugang patag

May tuktok na pinugad. |

The visitor will probably be home once again, but the storage of his good friends will stay forever. Ambahan 205|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| You, my friends, closest of all

thinking of you makes me sad.

Rivers profound are among

woodlands vast maintain us separate.

But thinking of you with love

just like you are below nearby

standing, seated at my part. | Lugod kong kaibigan

Kung kita’y pag-isipan

May possibly ilog social fear pagitan

May gubat sa harapan

Ngunit kung pagbulayan

Parang nasa tabihan

Kapiling sa kandungan. |

Ambahan: Marriage

Although the courtship period includes a varied group of rules and ceremonials, the marriage itself is really as simple as is feasible. After the consent of the father and mother has been obtained, the unceremonial first sleeping of the two spouses collectively is considered since wedlock on its own. In the ambahan literature, a serious part involves the perennial theme of marriage and all their ramifications. After many years of living together, will the husband even now remember his promise that he provided as a great ardent mate? When troubles arise, the Mangyans try to smooth them out themselves. Ambahan 210|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| In the event the ties you make use of at home

Become poor and tend to break

You should be the one to mend

The one to regenerate their strength. | Panali ma’y marupok

Uway iyan na gapok

Ikaw itong susubok

Magtitibay nang lubos! |

The following advice is worthwhile to keep in mind!

Ambahan 231|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| In spite of disharmony

and a quarrel from time to time.

Simply no reason to separate your lives.

Make an effort to understand this first! | Kahit might kaguluhan

May tampuha’t alitan

Di meraih talikuran

Unawain mo naman! |

Separating for a for a longer time period of time is definitely sad to get the few.

Ambahan 234|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| My personal dear great smelling herb, my significant other

it really is true, we must part

on this day and on this kind of hour.

If usa we remain

and our bond is strong and real

you and I, far as we will be

it can like keeping hands once again

really like seated side by side. | Kab’yak kong halimuyak

Kita ma’y magkawalay

Ngayon at lumaon person

Kung buklod ay matibay

Maayos ang samahan

Ikaw nga at ako man

Magkahawak ng kamay

Wari’y nasa kandungan! |

Ambahan: Senior years

Posting their love, the happy couple grows old jointly.

Old age in Mangyan society is not provided special position and special privileges. As long as anyone is capable of keep up, he is expected to indulge in daily function. It is, therefore , not surprising to find the old and feeble people working alongside with the more youthful generations in the rice areas. However , the irrevocable advance of time can be felt by the elder technology. It is a thing that can’t be altered. Ambahan 235|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| It goes without saying we all know

a truth wherever we all go:

the sun inside the afternoon

will be setting very soon. | Di ba’t totoo naman

Katunayan saan gentleman

Araw sa kataasan

Ay lulubog rin naman. |

Between themselves, the older generation speak about the time when they will no longer end up being together. Is going to there continue to come a later date after this evening? Ambahan 237|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| At this hour of the darker night

we are still together at this point

on the woven sleeping-mat.

But when the sun rises soon

and the superstars become separate

the bond might break up as well.

When we’ll at any time meet once again

it is not with persona eyes

but the eye-sight of the spirit. | Sa sandaling karimlan

Kahit kita magtipan

Social fear banig na higaan

Pagsikat nitong araw

Talang maghihiwalay;

Buklod nati’y bibigay;

Pagkikita’y daratal

Paningi’y mapawi man

May bagong kaanyuan. |

The idea of death is quietly acknowledged by a Mangyan. It is not the frightful and horrible celebration that is feared so much by the lowland Christians. For a Mangyan, death is definitely part of the life cycle of each human being; it is looked upon since something that will bring a definite change in life, mainly for the better, not for the most detrimental. Especially when the Mangyan gets old, this individual likes to think of death since the moment that brings him to come back to his beloved who have went prior to him. Ambahan 242|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Says the person, already older

thinking of life following death:

When I keep, it will be great.

Let me whistle, Let me yell

on the highest mountain peaks.

Yes, one day I will be glad;

I will check in with my wife again!

A lot of things we’ll write!

I quickly won’t desire to come back. | Wika ng isang Mangyan

Isip ang kamatayan

Kung yayao’t papanaw

Sipol akong hihiyaw

Social fear landas sa ‘bundukan

Kung dumatal ang asam

Pagtagpo natin hirang

Social fear usal ay puspusan

Papanaw nang tuluyan|

Ambahan: Death

When physical life comes to an end, the heart and soul departs another place. As soon as of perishing, this single experience, is vividly remembered afterwards by the soul, particularly if death emerged during an agonizing scenario. Ambahan 246|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Says the soul keeping in mind:

Simply a while in the past at home

in the house I used to stay

My body was really bad

lying sickly on the pad

though not prepared yet to visit.

Scared to loss of life I really was!

I was going to the correct

and left, forward and backward!

Thus confused I was that time!

Now, my body laid sleeping

finally I got a bath

in the waters for the soul.

I was starting on my way

towards the place my dad went

and where Mother joined him, too. | Taghoy ng kaluluwa:

Kanina nang lumisan

Sa dampa kong tahanan

Katawan ko’y naghihirap

Sa banig na higaan

Pada pa lumilisan

Balisang nagpaalam

Pa-biling-biling naman

Pakaliwa’t pakanan

Sige em nga kung ganyan

Ako bist du ay lilisan

Liligo sa hugasan

Social fear tubig dalisayan

Sa bago kong hantungan

Sa tabihan ni Amang

Kapiling na si Inang! |

Tragic, also is the Mangyan who died out of misery and chagrin as a result of hardship he had to deal with! Do not know what his problems were or who also caused all of them, but that he had a few is clear via his reason! Ambahan 251|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| These are generally the words of the soul:

Who would finally not complain!

My residence on the pile slope

in the darkness of the night

hurricanes were peaceful loud.

When the sun was in the sky

the shower room came lashing down!

All the the southern area of typhoon wind gusts

all of the north-western thunder storms

my house they were striking hard!

That was exactly the circumstance.

No surprise I still left the place! | Hinagpis ng kalul’wa:

Sinong dalam masasaktan

Bahay ko sa tarikan

Kung gabi in karimlan

Ang hangin ay bugsuan

Kung araw ay sikatan

Ambon ay ampiyasan

Saklot ng habagat man

Pispis nga ng amihan

Tutok doo’t bugsuan

Kang ganyan rin nga lamang

Sa dampa na’y lilisan|

All of this information comes from the sphere of the lifeless, furnished by the deceased themselves! Communicating with the souls or perhaps spirits from the dead is nothing amazing for the Mangyans. These are generally those persons who have the power to strike up a discussion with the spirits by means of a channel or daniw. The dialogue resembles a seance among spiritualists. The Mangyan who also grieves regarding the loss of life of a special one loves to avail him self of the solutions of a daniw in order to see if the heart of the deceased cannot be confident to come back and join his earthly physique again. Positive results are said to be known, but they are not documented in the ambahan verse. The ambahan examples available just relate the failure from the daniw plus the decisiveness from the soul to keep his course in the other life. Ambahan 252|

Hanunuo-Mangyan| English| Filipino|

| Says the seer’s medium:

You, heart and soul, can you show me please

why is it you were so scared

that time at the time you left the home?

Wasn’t a nature from the hardwoods?

If perhaps so , I actually took care of that

through my prayers very strong

and the incantations too!

Your anxieties should have disappeared

considering that the Evil is gone.

All the more, it can long ago

that I caged him through my durability. | Ang wika nitong Daniw: Kalul’wa, hoy sabihin

Takot ka purse at bakit?

Sa tahana’y umalis

Kung malignong gubatin

Ligtas nating talunin

Social fear lakas ng dalangin

Sa tindi ng humigmig

Tuloy kang manahimik

Maligno’y gagapusin

Ngayon in noon mandin

Sa dunong bibihagin! |

Mangyan groups

Ethnographic map of Mindoro

There are about 300 , 000, 000 indigenous individuals in the world. Inside the Philippines, with the projected inhabitants of 94 million completely, about 15% belong to local groups. [AusAID] Mindoro is the seventh major island inside the Philippines, with an area of 10, 224 square kilometers and two provinces ” Oriental and Occidental. With the total population of one million, the local population can be estimated for 100, 000. Mangyan may be the collective name for the eight native groups surviving in Mindoro, every with its individual name, vocabulary, and set of customs: * Iraya

2. Alangan

* Tadyawan

2. Tau-buid

* Bangon

5. Buhid

* Hanunuo

5. Ratagnon

Iraya

An Iraya-Mangyan family [Source: Mangyan Mission]

The Iraya Mangyans live in the municipalities of Puerto Galera, San Teodoro and Baco in Oriental Mindoro yet most are in Occidental Mindoro, particularly inside the municipalities of Abra para Ilog, Paluan, Mamburao and Santa Cruz. Estel (1952) described the Iraya since having ugly or deep wavy locks and dark skin but not as darker as that of the Negrito. During old times, the Iraya traditional attire was made of dry out tree bark, pounded to generate it level and soft. The women generally wore a blouse and a blouse and the males wore g-strings made of fabric. Today, nevertheless , the Iraya are outfitted just like the lowland people. Ready-to-wear clothes are easier to find than their classic costume [Uyan, 2002]. The Irayas are also experienced in nito-weaving. Handicrafts just like jars, racks, plates and cups of different sizes and design are being directed at the lowlanders. They survive on grain, banana, fairly sweet potato, and other root crops.

Alangan

An Alangan-Mangyan girl in traditional attire

The Alangan Mangyans live in the cities of Naujan, Baco, San Teodoro, and Victoria in Oriental Mindoro, and in the municipality of Sablayan in Occidental Mindoro. The name Alangan was derived from the name of your river and mountain inclines in the uppr Alangan Area [Leykamm, 1979]. The women traditionally wear a skirts called lingeb. This is made of long strips of stiched nito (forest vines), and it is wound surrounding the abdomen. This can be worn along with the g-string named abayen. The upper covering is known as ulango, created from the tea leaf of the wild buri palm. Sometimes a red kerchief called limbutong is worn over the ulango. The men use g-strings with fringes right in front. The Alangan Mangyans practise swidden farming, which consists of eleven phases. Two of options the firebreak-making (agait) plus the fallowing (agpagamas). A firebreak is made therefore the fire will not go

beyond the swidden internet site where the vegetation is extensively dry and ready for burning. Two years after clearing, farming of the swidden is normally stopped and the site is permitted to revert back in forest [Quiaoit, 1997]. Betel nut chewing is also noted among the Alangans, like all other Mangyan tribes. This kind of they chew up with wonderful fervor via morning to night, saying they may feel hunger as long as they chew betel nut [Leykamm, 1979]. non-etheless, betel chewing has a social dimension. Exchange of betel gnaw ingredients implies social popularity.

Tadyawan

Tadyawan Mangyans in Oriental Mindoro [Source: Mangyan Mission] The Tadyawan Mangyans live in the municipalities of Naujan, Victoria, Socorro, Ragam, Gloria, Pinamalayan, and Bansud. In the past, the women wore for their upper covering up a reddish cloth named paypay, which can be wound surrounding the breast. Because of their lower covering, they draped around the waist a white cloth named talapi. The men wore g-strings called abay. For their equipment, women put on colorful anklet bracelets and bracelets made of beans. Today the women are rarely found wearing their traditional attire, though a lot of men even now wear the abay. Just like all other Mangyan tribes, the Tadyawan rely upon their “kaingin farm intended for subsistence. Their staple meals are upland rice, banana, nice potato, and taro. Some have also grown fruit-bearing trees like rambutan, citrus, and coffee in their kaingin.

Tau-buid

A Tau-buid Mangyan in Occidental Mindoro [Source: Overseas Missionary Fellowship] The Tau-buids are known as pipe cigarette smokers and even children begin cigarette smoking at a age. Common dress for young or old is the loin cloth. In a few areas nearby the lowlands, ladies wrap a knee-length towel around their very own bark bra-string and guys wear material instead of sound off. Bark fabric is put on by both males and females in the interior and is as well used for head bands, ladies breast includes, and quilts. Cloth is manufactured by extracting, pounding and drying the lining bark of several trees [Pennoyer, 1979]. The Tau-buid Mangyans live in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan and Gloria, but

mostly in Occidental Mindoro.

Bangon

A Bangon-Mangyan parent [Source: Mangyan Mission]

The Bangon Mangyans live along the Bongabon river named Binagaw as well as the surrounding mountain range in the cities of Bongabong, Bansud, and Gloria in Oriental Mindoro. The Bangon Mangyans get their own lifestyle, language and writing system, different to the other people in Asian Mindoro, and asserted they will be considered the seventh major tribe ” not a sub-tribe of the Tau-buid. In a March 28, 1996 meeting with Buhid Mangyans in Ogom Liguma, they chosen to accept the term Bangon for tribe.

Buhid

A Buhid-Mangyan woman [Source: Mangyan Mission]

The Buhids will be known as pot makers. Other Mangyan tribes, like the Alangan and Hanunuo, used to get their cooking food pots from the Buhids. The word Buhid practically means “mountain dwellers [Postma, 1967]. Buhid ladies wear stiched black and white brassiers named linagmon and a black and white blouse called abol. Unmarried women wear body ornaments like a braided nito belt (lufas), blue twine earrings, handmade headband (sangbaw), beaded bracelets (uksong), and beaded extended necklace (siwayang or ugot). The men use g-strings. To boost body splendor, the men put on ornaments just like a long handmade necklace, tight choker (ugot) and handmade bracelet (uksong). Both people use an equipment bag known as bay-ong for private things like brush and blade [Litis, 1989]. Along with the Hanunuo, the Buhids in some areas own a pre-Spanish syllabic writing program. The Buhid Mangyans are in the cities of Roxas, Bansud, Bongabong and some elements of Mansalay in Oriental Mindoro, and in the municipalities of San Jose and Rizal in Occidental Mindoro.

Hanunuo

A Hanunuo-Mangyan family [Source: Mangyan Mission]

For the Hanunuo, clothes (rutay) is among the most important requirements in specific the Mangyan from the non-Manyan (damuong). A Hanunuo-Mangyan guy wears a loin towel (ba-ag) and a shirt (balukas). A girl wears a great indigo-dyed short skirt (ramit) and a blouse (lambung). Many of the classic style t-shirts and tops are padded on the again with a design called pakudos, based on the cross condition. This design and style is also found on their carriers made of buri (palm leaf) and nito (black fern), called bay-ong. Both genders used to wear a twilled rattan belt with pocket (hagkos) at their particular waist. Lengthy hair is the traditional style for a person. It is tied in one area at the back of your head with a cloth hair-band referred to as panyo. Girls also have very long hair typically dressed using a headbands of beads. The Hanunuo Mangyans of all ages and both people are very attached to wearing charms and bracelet of beads [Miyamoto, 1985]. Before they developed cotton trees and from these obtained raw materials that they can wove within a crude side loom known as harablon. The process of weaving was called habilan, which depends on the gathering of silk cotton balls and pilling these to dry within a flat holder (bilao). Later on, the seed are eliminated and the natural cotton placed on a mat and beaten by simply two smooth sticks to generate it great. Next the cotton is positioned inside a container made out of banana stalks (binuyo) and weaved. Noted anthropologist Harold Conklin made a substantial study around the Hanunuo-Mangyan gardening system in 1953. The Hanunuo Mangyans practise swidden farming. This sort of farming is different from the “kaingin system practised by non-Mangyans which is frequently very dangerous when it is carried out with no right safeguards to stop the fire via spreading for the surrounding plants. A fallow period is usually observed so the swidden farmville farm will revert back to forest. According to Conklin, the Mangyans maintained their swidden farms masterfully. In 1995, almost a split century after Conklin’s exploration, a study within the Hanunuo Mangyans’ swidden farming system was conducted by Hayama Atsuko. She concluded that the Hanunuo Mangyans’ farming practices possess prevented land deterioration in spite of the fact that forest property degradation is now evident in their territory as a result of various elements. Together with their particular northern neighbour the Buhids, the Hanunuo possess a pre-Spanish writing system, considered to be of Indic beginning, with characters expressing the open syllables of the dialect [Postma, 1981]. This syllabic publishing system, named Surat Mangyan, is being trained in

several Mangyan schools in Mansalay and Bulalacao. The Hanunuo Mangyans live in the municipalities of Mansalay, Bulalacao, and some elements of Bongabong in Oriental Mindoro, and in the municipality of San Jose in Occidental Mindoro.

Ratagnon

The Ratagnon live in the southernmost part of the municipality of Magsaysay in Communautaire Mindoro. Their particular language is similar to the Visayan Cuyunon vocabulary, spoken by the inhabitants of Cuyo Tropical isle in Upper Palawan. The Ratagnon women wear a wrap-around cotton cloth from the waistline towards the knees and some of the males still use the traditional g-string. The can certainly breast masking is made of stiched nito (vine). They also wear accessories made from beads and copper wire. The guys wear a jacket with simple adornments during gala festivities and carry flint, tinder, and other paraphernalia to make fire. Equally sexes use coils of red-dyed rattan at the waist. Like other Mangyan people, they also take betel gnaw and its substances in bamboo sheets containers.

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